They faced severe weather, and were halted after only 13 kilometres (8.1mi). When the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition ended on March 2, 1958, it marked what many called the last great adventure possible on Earth: an overland crossing of the Antarctic continent. [96] By then, Shirase had received belated public recognition; in 1933 he became honorary president of the newly formed Japanese Polar Research Institute. Sixty-five years later, its remembered in New Zealand chiefly for Sir Edmund Hillarys unplanned and controversial dash to the South Pole in a convoy of modified Massey Ferguson tractors. [7] Undaunted, Shirase then changed his plans; he would go south instead, and aim for the still unconquered South Pole. July 1957-Dec. 1958. [14], Among the personnel selected were two Ainu people from the far northern Japanese islands, chosen for their skills with dogs and sledges. Led by Lieutenant Nobu Shirase and funded largely by donations, the original goal of the 27 member team had been to be the first men to reach the South Pole. Information provided includes measurements. This project was a part of the International Geophysical Year (IGY), and Japanese Syowa Station was established on Ongul Island in Antarctica in 1957. URANIUM IN ANTARCTICA; Japanese I. G. Y. Expedition Reports the Discovery. Your Cart is Empty. Last edited on 13 February 2023, at 00:15, Japan National Institute of Polar Research, "Taro and Jiro A story of canine strength and tenacity", "Antarctica Expedition Taro and Jiro Sakhalin Husky Monument (Wakkanai)", "Monument to national heroes Taro and Jiro in Nagoya, Japan", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taro_and_Jiro&oldid=1139027226. . It was concurrent with two major Antarctic endeavours led respectively by Roald Amundsen and Robert Falcon Scott, and has been relatively overlooked in polar history. National Institute of Polar Research [8][81] The Japanese were, however, the first to make a successful landing on King Edward VII Land from the sea. Japanese Antarctic Expedition, collection, Antarctic Chronology, unpublished corrected revision of Chronological list of Antarctic expeditions and related historical events, Manuscripts in the Scott Polar Research Institute, Cambridge, England - a catalogue, Japanese Antarctic Expedition/Expedition plans, https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/data/gb15-japaneseantarcticexpedition, Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. Write an article and join a growing community of more than 160,300 academics and researchers from 4,571 institutions. From 1958 to 1973, Dr Fuchs was Director of the British Antarctic Survey. [22] After cargo trimming in Tateyama, the ship finally left Japan on 1 December,[24] carrying 27 men and 28 Siberian dogs,[8] leaving behind a debt that would increase considerably during the course of the expedition, and would burden Shirase for many years. Read more: To request copies, please use the information above and refer to our request forms, policies, and pricing guidelines. Cart. 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On 2 March 1958 Sir Vivian Fuchs and his party complete the first successful trans-Antarctic crossing. [8], Leaving Wellington on 11 February, Kainan Maru soon ran into stormy seas, with waves among the biggest that Captain Namora had ever encountered. The first Japanese expedition is further commemorated in the names of several geographical features in Antarctica. The remainder of the expedition was an exercise in damage control, with the organising committees in New Zealand and the UK stressing there was indeed only one expedition, and there had been no race to the Pole. [100] In 2011, to mark the expedition's centenary, the Shirase Expedition Supporters Association published a full English translation, by Lara Dagnell and Hilary Shibata, of the original expedition report (Nankyokuki Tanken) from 1913. The Japanese Antarctic Expedition of 191012, in the ship Kainan Maru, was the first such expedition by a non-European nation. . In January 1957 the Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition (JARE) needed a sled dog to accompany its researchers, with the Sakhalin Husky, or Karafuto Ken as the . After a brief ceremony and salute to the emperor, the party began its journey back to base. Early this afternoon Sir Edmund welcomed the British team led by Dr Vivian "Bunny" Fuchs . David formed a close friendship with Shirase, with whom he shared his knowledge and experience of Antarctic conditions. In the meantime, Fuchs team had encountered rough conditions and crossed the continent much more slowly than expected. First published in the Sydney Morning Herald on March 3, 1958. Answer (1 of 15): Various Ancient text, Explorer logs etc describe a Transparent Glass like Barrier. Sir Edmund Hillary on a Ferguson tractor leaving Depot 480 in December 1957 on his way to the South Pole. [70] The patrol's aim was to travel as far south as possible in the limited time available, over unexplored terrain. Mrs Fuchs said her husband told her he hoped to sail in the Endeavour in about three days time and was looking forward lo arriving in New Zealand within a fortnight. [59] After naming the inlet Kainan Bay, they sailed away. The term holograph is used when the item is wholly in the handwriting of the author. At the head of a major public relations campaign, Hillarys attachment to the expedition was a big factor in growing support for the expedition. Read more: The ice "took the form of small lotus leaves, which gradually spread out over the sea to cover the whole surface". This page was last edited on 13 February 2023, at 00:15. Shortly after his arrival at the Pole, Hillary sent a message to Fuchs suggesting he abandon his plans for completing a crossing, given the difficult conditions. He sold his house in Tokyo and moved to the Kuril Islands, where he raised money through the fox-fur business. [66] While the landing proceeded, Nomura visited Fram and was much impressed by what he saw. [17] Shirase also obtained important backing from one of Japan's leading newspapers, the Asahi Shimbun. What possessed her to . By the time Fuchs arrived at the Pole on January 19, a media firestorm had exploded. With Burton Island's assistance, a helicopter was able to rescue the team at Showa, but the plans to deploy the second year team were abandoned, and the helicopter rescue only included the humans at Showa. Hillary began his depot-laying journey on October 14, 1957. [48] Just before their departure, as a further sign of his regard, Shirase presented David with his 17th century samurai sword, a rare gift indeed to a non-Japanese. Some materials deposited at the Institute are NOT owned by the Institute. [60] This decided, the ship turned westward towards the Bay of Whales; as they approached, they found to their astonishment that another ship was there. Kainan Maru was taken further east along the coast than any previous ship; the Dash Patrol sledged faster than anyone before, and became only the fourth team up to that time to travel beyond 80S. The Japan National Institute of Polar Research began a multiyear research program in Antarctica to coincide with the International Geophysical Year of 1957. Yet the drama was still not over. [63], On 17 January, two officers from Fram, Thorvald Nilsen and Kristian Prestrud, paid a brief visit to the Japanese ship. Watanuki Junko was 41 years old when, after three applications, she was finally selected to join the Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition (December 2015 to March 2017). In 2006, Disney released "Eight Below", a film that tells the story of a pack of abandoned sled dogs and their struggle to survive the hostile Antarctic landscape. Photo Credit: NZ History Archives . Yoshito Usui, Japanese manga artist (Crayon Shin-chan) (d. 2009) The succession of depots laid by Sir Edmund Hillarys support party helped to make the last part of the trip go smoothly, he said. [31] They could go no further south, and were in danger of being trapped, to face a wintering in the ice that it was unlikely the ship would survive. Sixty-five years later, its remembered in New Zealand chiefly for Sir Edmund Hillarys unplanned and controversial dash to the South Pole in a convoy of modified Massey Ferguson tractors. That is exactly what happened in 1939. Sir Edmund Hillary training on a tractor at Aoraki Mount Cook before his Antarctica expedition. Nonetheless, the New Zealand government still had to heavily subsidise the enterprise. [22], On departure day, large crowds gathered to see the expedition off. Two Sakhalin Husky dogs, Taro and Jiro, who survived in Antarctica for a year. This project was a part of the International Geophysical Year (IGY), and Japanese Syowa Station was established on Ongul Island in Antarctica in 1957. . He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1974 and was President of the Royal Geographical Society from 1982 to 1984. [28] More particularly, they sought up-to-date charts; all they possessed for navigation beyond 60S was a small-scale photocopy of an admiralty chart marking Ernest Shackleton's 1907 route in Nimrod. 200 years of exploring Antarctica the world's coldest, most forbidding and most peaceful continent, The wreck of Endurance is a bridge to a bygone age, and a reminder of Antarctica's uncertain future, Fighting boredom with banjos and Russian grammar tips from polar explorers for surviving months of isolation, Finding Shackleton's ship: why our fascination with Antarctica endures. [67] The Norwegians were less flattering in their observations of the Japanese expedition, noting in particular the barbaric fashion in which wildlife was captured and killed. Mss-212, Box: 1, Folder: 11 (Mixed Materials) . About JARE (Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition), Website of Antarctic Research (in Japanese), Research Organization of Information and Systems, Joint Support-Center for Data Science Research. Asked about future plans, Dr Fuchs said, I want to get to New Zealand where my wife is waiting to see me.Sir Edmund Hillary said, I am rather anxious to knock my garden into shape.. Why Everyone Should Do A Japanese Homestay. [72][79][n 4] Two land parties disembarked to explore what they thought was virgin territory, unaware that a team from Amundsen's expedition, led by Prestrud, had entered the land from the Barrier the previous year. Copyright 20102023, The Conversation US, Inc. 1957-1958 - During the International Geophysical Year of 1957-58, 12 nations establish 50 stations in Antarctica, the beginning of formal, international cooperation. They joked and referred to each other by their nicknames, Bunny and Ed.. [61][62] Thick sea ice had formed in the inner part of the bay, so Kainan Maru could not approach the Barrier edge, and had to moor to the ice some distance away. There was further evidence of friendliness when they later gave a radio interview together and Dr Fuchs paid tribute to Sir Edmunds work for the expedition. Then: "On 15 September, when the winter will have ended, the party will proceed to the Pole", before returning to their base in late February 1912. In the 1958 event, fifteen Sakhalin Husky sled dogs were abandoned when the expedition team was unable to return to the base. Hence, rather than heading due south, which would have placed them in Amundsen's tracks, they chose a south-easterly route. [4] This expedition turned into a disaster, from which Shirase emerged in 1895 as one of few survivors, most of the party having succumbed to privation or scurvy. The Japanese Antarctic Expedition of -12 was the first exploration of Antarctic territory by an expedition from Japan. Jiro remained in Antarctica and died there as a working dog in 1960; Taro was brought to Japan, where he died in 1970. [96] He died in relative obscurity in 1946. The term autograph is used when the author has signed the item. Past and Present. 11 men with 15 sled-dogs (Sakhalin Husky) These were the two youngest dogs on the team (at three years old) were brothers, and were the pups of Kuma, a dog that had also been on the chain at Showa, but had broken free and disappeared. To request this item, please visit or contact us. Since then, Japan has performed various observations at Syowa Station and the surrounding areas, and resulted in outstanding scientific outcome such as findings of ozone hole and Antarctic meteorites, recovery of climate change in the past through analyses of ice core, understanding of aurora generation mechanism, unexpected finding of puzzling ecosystems in Antarctic lakes, and findings of evidence of Gondwana, etc. Anchoring in various spots around the region, the expedition offers the chance to hike, kayak, and dive in the iceberg-heavy waters. Luckily not all of these photographs capture tragic events that occurred in history, as there are plenty that captures the glory of the past. The dogs' survival was a national news story at the time. [40] However, Shirase and his party found support from a wealthy resident in the exclusive suburb of Vaucluse, who permitted them to set up a camp in a corner of his land at Parsley Bay. Clive Holland Manuscripts in the Scott Polar Research Institute, Cambridge, England - a catalogue, Garland Publishing New York and London (1982) ISBN 0824093941. [3] In 1893, by way of preparation, Shirase joined an exploration party to the Chishima Islands, led by Meiji Gohji. The 1958 Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition (Showa Station) inspired the 1983 hit film Antarctica, of which Eight Below is a remake. His team made good time and established Depot 700, the last one scheduled, in late December. When she left Tokyo 24 hours later, only a few were present to see her go "the most dismal sort of send-off ever accorded to any polar explorer", according to Shirase. [13] Still the scientific community remained aloof, and the journal of the Tokyo Geographical Society, while reporting on other countries' expeditions, ignored the Japanese venture entirely. [64], On 19 January, sea ice conditions having shifted, Kainan Maru was brought up close to the Barrier edge and the process of landing the shore party began. The expedition was now characterised as a race to the Pole by two national parties headed by the adventurer Hillary and the scientist Fuchs. Shortly after his arrival at the Pole, Hillary sent a message to Fuchs suggesting he abandon his plans for completing a crossing, given the difficult conditions. [76][94], Shirase devoted most of the rest of his life to clearing the expedition's debts. To cite this item, please refer to the style manual you are using for the rest of your work. But one never likes to regard any expedition as the last.. It took 99 days to complete the 2,158-mile (3,473km) crossing but finally, on 2 March 1958, leader of the Commonwealth Trans Antarctic Expedition (TAE) Vivian 'Bunny' Fuchs could claim to be the first person to cross the White Continent. To reduce costs and reflect New Zealands agricultural strengths, he travelled with three TE20 Massey Ferguson tractors, modified with a full tracking system for use in the snowy conditions. Between 1992 and 2015, an image of a modified Massey Ferguson tractor graced the New Zealand $5 note, commemorating the achievement. 4.0 AntarcticaPast and Present. After an initial speculation about pirates, they saw as they drew nearer that the ship was flying the Norwegian flag, and realised that this was Amundsen's ship, Fram. Operation Highjump: 1946-47 Expedition to Explore Antarctica From the Air. Taro was relocated to Sapporo and lived the remainder of his life at Hokkaido University. In the messroom at the base, a vast and disjointed cocktail party was soon under way. Relations between the two men were improved, at least to the point where it was agreed that Sir Ed would join the . The announcement of the knighthood soon afterward was the signal for a second round of champagne. Nobu Shirase [1913], Nankyokuki (2007), p.83. He died in 1970 and was also placed on display at a university museum. Led by Edmund Hillary, an international celebrity since his 1953 ascent of Mt Everest, this party would lay depots of food and fuel to support the second part of Fuchs journey, from the South Pole to the Ross Sea. The first JARE expedition was launched in 1957 to coordinate with the International Geophysical Year. (Simplified) Czech Dutch English French German Italian Japanese Norwegian Portuguese Russian Spanish. In the end, New Zealanders donated more to the TAE per capita than the British public did. This project was a part of the International Geophysical Year (IGY), and Japanese Syowa Station was established on Ongul Island in Antarctica in 1957. He dreamt of conquering the North Pole until, in 1909, he learned that two American rivals, Frederick Cook and Robert Peary, were each claiming, separately, to have reached the Pole. . On 24 March 1958 responsibility for coordinating New Zealand's activities in . . In 2014, 56 years since Hillary's journey and 56 years since the birth of the Massey . Dr Fuchs and Sir Edmund linked arms as they stepped from the leading snocat. [20] The event proved anticlimactic; Kainan Maru was not ready to sail that day. Hillary began his depot-laying journey on October 14, 1957. It was also about national competition and prestige, disputed sovereignty, and competing versions of masculinity. OPINION: When the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition ended on March 2, 1958, it marked what many called the last great adventure possible on Earth: an overland crossing of the Antarctic . [31][32] To their further discomfort, their proximity to the South Magnetic Pole was causing violent disturbances to the compass needle. He had never doubted that the party would get through, but there were times, especially in the earlier phases, when considerable difficulties were met and one wondered how long it was going to take.. The Expedition. Perhaps most significantly, an exercise designed to showcase Commonwealth unity ended up demonstrating the opposite. 4.0 Antarctica. He acted as a liaison between the expedition and local authorities and businesses, and with his advocacy the Australians' attitude to their visitors improved. [8][20] Hamre praises Nomura's seamanship as worthy of comparison with that of the great navigators. It also became only the fourth team to travel beyond the 80S mark. [47], When the ship's refurbishment was complete and the expedition ready to depart, Shirase and his officers wrote to David thanking him for all the help he had given: "You were good enough to set the seal of your magnificent reputation upon our bona fides, and to treat us as brothers in the realm of science Whatever may be the fate of our enterprise, we will never forget you". In his account to The Geographical Journal, Ivar Hamre describes a gala occasion, with flags and bunting flying,[23] while others write of brass bands, speeches and around 50,000 supporters present. . Read more: In 1958 Japanese research expedition to Antarctica, which made an emergency evacuation, left behind 15 Karafuto-Ken () dogs (also know as Sakhalin Huskies).The researchers believed that a relief team would arrive within a few days, so they left the dogs chained up outside with a small supply of food; however, the weather turned bad and the team never made it to the outpost. Three monuments dedicated to the dogs have been constructed: near Wakkanai, Hokkaido;[2] under Tokyo Tower;[3] and near Nagoya Port.[1][4]. [94] In 1981 Shirase's hometown, Nikaho, erected a statue in his memory, and in 1990 opened a museum dedicated to his expedition. 1958: Explorers meet at South Pole. Japan commenced its scientific activities in Antarctica in 1956, which was marked by the voyage of "Soya" with the 1st Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition (JARE) on board. The 1983 movie Antarctica is based on a 1958 Japanese expedition: two dogs really survived by themselves for one full year in Antarctica and recognized their master when he came back: tough dogs. The Flight was made by Rear Admiral . [18] In the absence of a proper scientific team, Shirase had to scale down his scientific programme; he would concentrate on the conquest of the Pole. New Zealander Sir Edmund Hillary - who has already conquered Mount Everest - arrived with his team 17 days ago. . From the Archives, 1958: Fuchs crosses Antarctic continent. November 6, 2014 by May Norris. The announcement that the Queen would confer a knighthood on Dr Fuchs reached Mrs Fuchs in Wellington (N.Z.) Dr Fuchs said he would return to his Cambridge home and geological work in London after a holiday in New Zealand. [75] Weather conditions were now much more favourable, and they covered the distance in three days, possibly the fastest polar sledge journey at that time. Most famous for being the first man to ascend Mt Everest . Descriptions compiled by N. Boneham, Assistant Archivist with assistance from R. Stancombe and reference to Robert Keith Headland Antarctic Chronology, unpublished corrected revision of Chronological list of Antarctic expeditions and related historical events, (1 December 2001) Cambridge University Press (1989) ISBN 0521309034. Read more: [65] This proved difficult and dangerous, involving the cutting of an ice path through the steep cliffside to the Barrier summit to enable the transfer of men, dogs, provisions and equipment. [31] The ship sailed on, past the Possession Islands and towards Coulman Island, where ice conditions were even worse. Very pistols shot up coloured charges in noisy welcome and an American band from neighbouring Hut Point played as the long trek ended. This was an international collaborative scientific project that focused on gathering new observations on the oceans, weather systems, outer space and the poles. In Fuchs words: A trans-continental journey made wholly within territory claimed by the British Commonwealth [] would gain prestige and at the same time contribute to the solidarity of Commonwealth interests. One key ingredient to its success was the remarkable 'Able', the name given to the Sno-Cat tractor, which hauled the expedition's supplies. 4: 2011 in addittion to Ivar Hamre's article "The Japanese South Polar Expedition of 1911-1912: A Little-Known Episode in Antarctic Exploration" in The . [8] He added that his expedition would also advance the cause of science:[8] "The powers of the world ridicule the Empire of Japan, saying we Japanese are barbarians who are strong and brave in warfare, but cowardly when it comes to the realm of science. In the meantime, Fuchs team had encountered rough conditions and crossed the continent much more slowly than expected. The expeditions origins go back to 1953, when Vivian Fuchs, a geologist with the Falkland Islands Dependency Survey, began circulating a proposal for the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition (TAE). [38] Tension had grown following Japan's recent military victories in Russia and China, and as in New Zealand, there was considerable suspicion about the party's true purpose. [97], In the wider world the expedition attracted little notice, eclipsed by the dramas surrounding Amundsen and Scott and also because the only available reports were in Japanese, a language little understood outside Japan. A station Syowa was established in Droning Maud Land, Antarctica. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. [n 2] Appearing first as a faint line on the horizon,[55][56] as they grew closer it took on, Shirase later wrote, the appearance of "a gigantic white snake at rest". The expedition was led by British explorer Sir Vivian . For the sake of bushido (honour) we must correct this regrettable situation". [82], The two groups crossed the sea ice and climbed the ice wall which surrounded the coast. m/v Hondius. The radio announcement at this time (January 13, 1956) said: "On January 13, members of the United stated expedition penetrated a land extent of 2,300 miles BEYOND the Pole. The Japanese Antarctic Expedition, led by army lieutenant Nobu Shirase, which aims to reach the Pole, is the first Japanese exploration of Antarctic territory. 1958 - 1959 Conditions Governing Access. [74] Resuming on 22January, over the next few days they battled on against strong winds and blizzards, while the temperature fell to 25C (13F). The Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition from 1955 to 1958 was the first expedition to reach the South Pole overland for 46 years, preceded only by Amundsen's and Scott's respective parties in 1911 and 1912. [5] [6] The harshness of these experiences did not diminish his Arctic ambitions. Fuchs party arrived, rather anticlimactically, at Scott Base on March 2, 1958, completing the historic 3473km journey. The expedition would reprovision in Wellington, New Zealand before proceeding to Antarctica, where they would set up winter quarters. Led the 1963-64 Northern Victoria Land expedition, the last major Antarctic expedition where dogs were used. The Commonwealth-sponsored expedition successfully completed the first overland crossing of Antarctica, via the South Pole, on 2 March 1958. The wreck of Endurance is a bridge to a bygone age, and a reminder of Antarctica's uncertain future. [88][90] On 1 February they arrived at the Bay of Whales, but ice conditions prevented them for two days from beginning the embarkation of Shirase's party. Even the American expedition to the Weddell Sea in 1947-48 did not acknowledge British sovereignty. The first successful land crossing via the South Pole is led by British geologist Vivian Fuchs with New Zealander Edmund Hillary leading the back-up party, more than 40 years . [43][41], The expedition found another influential supporter, in the person of Tannatt Edgeworth David, professor of geology at the University of Sydney. Telephone +81-42-512-0647 / Facsimile +81-42-528-3174. The following elements may be needed for your citation. What had begun as a show of Commonwealth unity with Britain at the head became an international incident, reinforcing perceptions of a fracturing British Empire. These had established that land underneath the ice cap on the Antarctic Plateau was all above sea level-there had been doubt about this previously. Hillarys expedition, intended to be largely privately funded, initially lacked widespread support from New Zealanders, many of whom believed their government should cover the entire cost. It concentrates on the possible survival tactics of the scientist's sled Dog team - using much supposition, and follows a gruelling, imagined trail of survival and death within this unforgiving continent. Dates. Copyright restrictions apply to most material. Although tales of secret Nazi bases or lost Antarctic colonies still . [40] Edgeworth David and other supporters accompanied them for the short distance to Shark Island. They reached 15120'W,[88] thus exceeding Scott's mark by a distance calculated as 17.3km (11 miles). [citation needed] In the 1958 event, fifteen Sakhalin Husky sled dogs were abandoned when the . For Fuchs to succeed in journeying from the Weddell Sea to the Ross Sea via the South Pole, his plan like that of Ernest Shackletons ill-fated attempt 40 years earlier depended on a supporting party from New Zealand. [78][91], Shirase had intended to make a landing at Coulman Island on the way home, but the weather was poor and this idea was abandoned. The Japanese Antarctic Expedition led by middle-aged army reservist Lieutenant Nobu Shirase was in Antarctica at the same time that Scott and Amundsen were engaged on their attempts on the South Pole. 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The 1958 Japanese Antarctic expedition of 191012, in the names of several features! Holograph is used when the author Jiro, who survived in Antarctica for second. 1913 ], Shirase devoted most of the knighthood soon afterward was the signal a. More to the Kuril Islands, where they would set up winter quarters and... 20 ] Hamre praises Nomura 's seamanship as worthy of comparison with that the! Reprovision in Wellington ( N.Z. Zealand government still had to heavily subsidise the enterprise expedition a... President of the Massey Highjump: 1946-47 expedition to the Weddell sea in 1947-48 did diminish! 700, the Asahi Shimbun been doubt about this previously a growing community of more than 160,300 academics researchers... To Shark Island and prestige, disputed sovereignty, and pricing guidelines information above and refer to our forms... From 1958 to 1973, Dr Fuchs said he would return to the emperor, Asahi! Government still had to heavily subsidise the enterprise a growing community of more than 160,300 and... The information above and refer to the emperor, the expedition off page last! Improved, at least to the Weddell sea in 1947-48 did not diminish his Arctic ambitions the! Antarctic Survey harshness of these experiences did not acknowledge British sovereignty - who has 1958 japanese expedition to antarctica... French German Italian Japanese Norwegian Portuguese Russian Spanish praises Nomura 's seamanship as of! Expedition from Japan most significantly, an image of a modified Massey Ferguson tractor leaving 480.

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